The study notes a continuing rise in consumer fraud reports across North America, accompanied by higher median losses. It analyzes survey data from 1,375 American and Canadian consumers who had previously reported a scam to a North American consumer complaint organization, with the aim of identifying factors linked to two key outcomes: whether individuals respond to scam solicitations and whether they end up losing money. The analysis spans four categories of fraud: opportunity-based schemes that promise rewards, threat-based scams, consumer purchase scams, and phishing scams. In comparing scam types, respondents were less likely to engage with or report monetary losses when approached by threat-based schemes or phishing attempts than when confronted with opportunity-based scams. Across categories, the likelihood of becoming a victim was found to be highest for consumer purchase scams. The research also finds that a range of demographic and psychological risk factors—including gender, race, education, income, loneliness, financial fragility, and financial literacy—vary across scam types, suggesting that victim profiles are not uniform across fraud forms. Additionally, some factors that predict whether a person responds to a scam solicitation differ from those that predict actual victimization. Across nearly all scam types, having prior knowledge of fraud before exposure emerged as a protective factor. Taken together, the findings imply that awareness of specific scam modalities can reduce financial losses, while highlighting the need for targeted messaging strategies. The study’s design centers on individuals